Administrative Ethics Paper Hcs/335

Administrative Ethics Paper HCS/335 November 5, 2012 Administrative Ethics Paper In today’s world of technology patient’s face an ever challenging issue of protecting their privacy. One of the biggest areas infringing on a patient’s privacy would be the prescription health information that is being released by pharmacists and the way in which that information is used.Information is given to a wide variety of entities and to individuals, which raises enormous concern about the privacy rights of patients, especially considering the fact that the patient has not given consent for the release of this information. Legislative and judicial attention is being given on how to protect privacy identifiable information on prescription data and the harm that can be done by the release of this information. There is a lot of focus on exploring privacy issues with regard to personal health information (PHI), especially with the prescription drugs containing so much information. The computerized databases in a pharmacy collect a host of patient information including the patient’s address, the patient’s name, the date it was filled, the place it was filled, the patient’s gender and age, the prescribing physician, what drug was prescribed, the dosage, and how many pills. How a patient’s information is used once it is de-identified most likely doesn’t even cross anyone’s mind because most patients don’t realize that anyone other than the pharmacist, the doctor, and the insurance company for processing the claim, are going to see it.There is a long list of companies and individuals that want the patient prescription PHI, including lawyers, educators, researches that are performing clinical trials, marketing purposes, government officials, and employers. The article, Somebody’s Watching Me, lays the groundwork in legally developing the framework for protecting the privacy of patient prescription PHI, especi ally the information on de-identified PHI. There are 5 parts to the legal framework.Part 1 basically states why there is a need for federal legislation to step in to help protect both patient prescription PHI, and de-identified patient prescription PHI. Part II shows the process of how the information is collected and used. Part III talks about federal and state laws that are currently in existence to protect a patient’s privacy rights, with a focus on three state statutory attempts that would curb information being used for marketing purposes, and the Supreme Court and circuit court responses.Part IV looks at the existing laws regarding unauthorized disclosure of patient prescription PHI. This is a more intense look at all of the statutes, ethical guidelines, federal and state statutes and laws, and other option for protecting a patient’s privacy. Part V suggests having a federal statute allowing patients to control the use of their information for both patient prescr iption PHI, and de-identified PHI. Most people would think that de-identified PHI would be protected because it is encrypted before it is transferred to others not authorized to access the identifiable information.Unfortunately, there are ways such as geo-coding that allows others to re-identify the information. Even if a company sells the data information that they have and they state that personal information is not to be used by third parties, there is no guaranty that the purchaser will uphold the agreement. In today’s technological society it is difficult to have a program that will continue to make re-identification impossible, especially if an individual’s privacy was once breached by re-identification. Encryptions are codes and codes are broken all the time.Moreover, encryption requires use of a key or cipher, which is used to lock and unlock the hidden data. Such a key is necessary to allow the hidden data to be viewed in an intelligible manner by those who ar e authorized to view it. However, there is always a risk that the encryption key might fall into the wrong hands, thereby allowing the information to be accessed by unauthorized viewers. There are many problems that could arise from a patient’s information landing into the hands of a stranger, a boss, an enemy, or any other individual that does not have permission to view that information.The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) needs to take a hard look at the problems that exist with the identifiable patient prescription PHI, the de-identified patient prescription PHI, and the encrypted prescription PHI. These issues affect the entire population and can have a devastating impact on those that have their personal information get into the wrong hands. If there is an employee who has Aides and they don’t want other worker’s to know, it would be too easy for an employer to obtain that information.The arguments and facts that are used in the article support the proposed solution by stating the problems that arise without having laws in place to protect the privacy rights of patients. There are many ethical and legal issues when you are dealing with privacy rights, including the chances of getting sued by individuals for letting their information be obtained and used by others. Having privacy information released into the wrong hands can be detrimental to a patient. A manager in a health care environment should be there to support and help bring laws into place that protects both the patient and the organization. REFERENCESSmith, C. (2012) Somebody’s Watching Me: Protecting Patient Privacy in Prescription Health Information, Vermont Law Review, retrieved from the University of Phoenix Library on November 4, 2012. Kendall, D. Protecting Patient Privacy in the Information Age retrieved from http://www. hlpronline. com/kendall. pdf Thacker, S. , (2003) HIPAA Privacy Rule and Public Health CDC, retrieved from http://w ww. cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/m2e411a1. htm ——————————————– [ 1 ]. David Colarusso, Note, Heads in the Cloud, A Coming Storm: The Interplay of Cloud Computing, Encryption and the Fifth Amendment’sProtection Against Self-Incrimination, 17 B. U. J. Sci & TECH. L. 69, 78-80 (2011)(describing the details of symmetric key encryption and public key encryption) [ 2 ]. Id. at 789 (describing how a cipher or key renders plaintext unreadable gibberish). [ 3 ]. Robert D. Fram, Margaret Jane Radin & Thomas P. Brown, Altred States: Electronic Commerce and Owning the Means of Value Exchange, 1999 STAN. TECH. L. REV. 2, 15-16 (1999) (outlining the risks of cryptography, including the possibility that encryption keys may not always be kept secret. )

Indus Motors

Indus Motor Company (IMC) is a joint venture between the House of Habib , Toyota Motor Corporation Japan (TMC) , and Toyota Tsusho Corporation Japan (TTC) for assembling, progressive manufacturing and marketing of Toyota vehicles in Pakistan since July 01, 1990. IMC is engaged in sole distributorship of Toyota and Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd. vehicles in Pakistan through its dealership network. The company was incorporated in Pakistan as a public limited company in December 1989 and started commercial production in May 1993. The shares of company are quoted on the stock exchanges of Pakistan. Toyota Motor Corporation and Toyota Tsusho Corporation have 25 % stake in the company equity. The majority shareholder is the House of Habib. IMC's production facilities are located at Port Bin Qasim Industrial Zone near Karachi in an area measuring over 105 acres. Indus Motor company's plant is the only manufacturing site in the world where both Toyota and Daihatsu brands are being manufactured. Heavy investment was made to build its production facilities based on state of art technologies. To ensure highest level of productivity world-renowned Toyota Production Systems are implemented. IMC's Product line includes 6 variants of the newly introduced Toyota Corolla, Toyota Hilux Single Cabin 4Ãâ€"2 and 4 versions of Daihatsu Cuore. We also have a wide range of imported vehicles. Corporate Profile| | Our Profile Indus Motor Company Private Limited, (trade name, Indus Motors) is the top ranking Maruti Dealer in India. The Company having its registered office at Indus House, Chakorathukulam, Calicut and Corporate Office at Thevara, Kochi was incorporated on 11th July, 1984. The business life of the company is started by starting their Ist Dealership in Calicut in the year 1986. The sale of Maruti vehicle is soundly boosted by marketing intelligence of the Indus Motors. Indus maintains the No. 1 dealer position continuously for the last five years. Based on the recent business reports, the company delivers one Maruti Car in every 13 minutes. The company will assist the customer from the time of choosing vehicle model, colour, finding the best finance option that suits them. They will constantly keep the customer update about their vehicle status until the delivery of the Vehicle is done. In case of servicing of vehicles, the company is at their service, with options of collecting vehicle from doorstep and once the works over deliver it back to the customer. They have Maruti on Road Service in case customer’s vehicle gets breakdown on the way. Their Maruti skilled technicians will come to the location where and rectify the problem or if it is a major work that has to be attended at the workshop the vehicle will be towed to the nearest Service Station. Our Vision Transform Indus into World Class Dealership Forever No. 1 in India Delighted customers and Delighted Employees Our Mission We will pursue the development of our financial and human resources through diversified business activities, in an ethical and socially responsible manner and in pace with the advancements of the day. We will uphold a professional code of conduct in the pursuit of our goals and are committed to taking up social responsibilities as a corporate citizen by dedicating a significant share of our productive surpluses for espousing social causes that would benefit our employees, their families and the society at large. Chairman ; Managing Director Mr. Abdul Wahab P V, Chairman PEEVEES ; Bridgeway Group of Companies Mr. P V Abdul Wahab is a person who rose from a humble background and now is a dynamic entrepreneur heading the PEEVEES and Bridgeway Group of companies. Today, Mr. Wahab’s business portfolio includes a conglomerate spread across India and the Middle East. Besides his business interests, Mr. Wahab is associated with various cultural and social organizations and He Elected unopposed as Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) from Kerala for the period from 2004 to 2010. He is a member of Rajiv Gandhi International Sports Foundation, Malabar Development Board, Malabar Chamber of Commerce and Chairman, Malabar Airport Development Action Committee (MADAC). Besides various distinguished awards, Mr. Wahab was also honoured in House of Commons, London in November 2003. | board of Directors| Sl No| Name| Designation| 1| Mr. Abdul Wahab P V| Chairman ; Managing Director| 2| MR. P. A. IBRAHIM HAJI| Vice Chairman| 3| MR. P. V. MUNEER| Director| 4| MR. P. V. ALI   MUBARAK| Director| 5| MRS. YASMIN   WAHAB| Director| 6| MR. T P AJITH KUMAR| Director| 7| MR. T P ANIL KUMAR| Director| | MR. JABER ABDUL WAHAB| Director| 9| MR. AJMAL ABDUL WAHAB| Director| 10| MR. P. A. MOHAMMED SHAFI| Director| | Values ; Beliefs The enduring belief that their corporate destiny is inextricably entwined with those of the employees and customers carries them towards a profitable and ethical business model. Quality Policy Customer satisfaction through quality services achieved by through constant adherence and continual improvement in quality services and systems following P. D. C. A (Plan, Do, Check and Act) technique in all their functions and actions complying with the requirements. Dealerships of the Company 1st dealership in Calicut – 1986 2nd in Kochi – 1991 3rd in Trivandrum – 1994 4th in Muvattupuzha – 2005 5th in Royapettah, Chennai – 2006 6th in Kattupakkam, Chennai – 2008 As on today, Indus has 6 Dealerships 40 Workshops 10 True Value Outlets 2 Maruti Driving Schools 18 E-Outlets 75 sales outlets Major departments Sales Service True value Spares Accessories Insurance Sales support Institute Maruti Driving School| INDUS GROUP CAR SALES TREND | | |   | | | 9745 997 333 | | | 9847 000 000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | INTRODUCTION OF INDUS MOTOR COMPANY Indus Motor Company (IMC) is a joint venture between the House of Habib,Toyota Motor Corporation Japan (TMC) , and Toyota Tsusho Corporation Japan (TTC) for assembling, progressive manufacturing and marketing of Toyota vehicles in Pakistan since July 01, 1990. IMC is engaged in sole distributorship of Toyota and Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd. vehicles in Pakistan through its dealership network. The company was incorporated in Pakistan as a public limited company in December 1989 and started commercial production in May 1993. The shares of company are quoted on the stock exchanges of Pakistan. Toyota Motor Corporation and Toyota Tsusho Corporation have 25 % stake in the company equity. The majority shareholder is the House of Habib. IMC's production facilities are located at Port Bin Qasim Industrial Zone near Karachi in an area measuring over 105 acres. Indus Motor Company’s plant is the only manufacturing site in the world where both Toyota and Daihatsu brands are being manufactured. Heavy investment was made to build its production facilities based on state of art technologies. To ensure highest level of productivity world-renowned Toyota Production Systems are implemented. IMC's Product line includes 6 variants of the newly introduced Toyota Corolla, Toyota Hilux Single Cabin 4Ãâ€"2 and 4 versions of Daihatsu Cuore. We also have a wide range of imported vehicles. VISION AND MISSION IMC’s Vision is to be the most respected and successful enterprise, delighting customers with a wide range of products and solutions in the automobile industry with the best people and the best technology†. * The most respected. * The most successful. * Delighting customers. * Wide range of products. * The best people. * The best technology. Mission of Toyota is to provide safe & sound journey. Toyota is developing various new technologies from the perspective of energy saving and diversifying energy sources. Environment has been first and most important issue in priorities of Toyota and working toward creating a prosperous society and clean world. PRESENT PERFORMANCE: Currently the company is performing well in automobile sector of country. Its sales for the year 2003-2004 is 29,565 units. It has captured the largest automobile market share in the country. It is greatly contributing in human resource development by training and other such activities. The demand for its products is more than the company’s capacity. Its has certain advantages upon its competitors like largest market share, customers’ liking of its products more than its competitors. The company is continues to maintain a strong commitment towards its Human Resource. To enhance Consumer Satisfaction, extensive training programs were held during the year. Company continuously arrange service campaigns in the cities where its dealerships are present to provide quality service to customers and collect their complaints, suggestions and comments about company. The company also checks its dealerships continuously for not only maintaining but enhances its standards to give to customers maximum satisfaction. FUTURE OUTLOOK With the growth of the economy, political stability and availability of car financing, our automobile market has immense potential. According to some estimates, including that of the Pakistan Automobile Manufacturers Association (PAMA), the demand for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles could grow from 115,000 units to 160,000 units by 2006. nvestment by the industry could double to Rs 98 billion, employment could grow up from 170,500 to 290,000, and the industry’s contribution to the national exchequer could jump from the current Rs. 51. 50 billion to Rs. 121 billion. However, for the automobile sector to realize this potential, it needs a clear, consistent and longterm government policy so that automobile manufacturers and vendors, specially our foreign partners, feel confident of making long term investme nt for future expansion. The status of our localization program in the post TRIMS era is still unclear even though the Government has applied for an expansion of TRIMS applicability for another two years (up to December 2005). The world is becoming more and more open. We can learn from other countries e. g. India and Thiland, who have adopted policies that not only assist indigenous manufacturing but also make their manufacturing internationally competitive. MANAGEMENT POLICIES Management as a team at Indus Motor Company is committed to comply with the requirements of our Integrated Management System and to endeavor to continuously improve upon it in order to: Manufacture high Quality Products. Generate Customer Satisfaction. Provide Service to the Society. Maintain Market Leadership. Identify and avoid/mitigate those environmental aspects which have negative environmental impacts. Comply with all applicable legal, regulatory and other requirements related to Environment, Health and Safety. Design and maintain facilities, establish systems, provide training and conduct operations in a manner that safeguard people and property. Identify, evaluate & mitigate health risks related to our operations that potentially affect our employees, contractors and the public. MANUFACTURING FACILITIES Just in Time spirit implies two opposing forces of providing fast and flexible response to customers, yet building efficient mechanisms and systems that are efficient and waste-free. The concept is to provide the right product and information, at the right time, in the right amount, in the right manner, while maintaining high standards of efficiency and cost control. We have to SWOT STRENGHTS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREAD Strengths:  · Qualified and well trained staff  · Biggest sale network  · Best production plant in the world  · Financial Strong  · Biggest market share  · People Trusted Products  · High Quality Products  · ISO Certified  · Resale value  · Customer Care  · Customized products  · Brand Image  · Availability of Spare parts  · Best delivery system (Transportations) Weaknesses  · High Price of Products  · Political instability  · Low per capita income of public  · Less overhead rates of competitors  · Increasing Prices of Oil Rising inflation Opportunities  · Industry expansion  · Technology upgrading  · Strong Position * Market Integration opening up * Opportunity growing in other countries * Newly developed Areas/Markets (e. g. Gawader) * Favorable govt. policies * Big Market * Economy is expanding Threats  · Chinese cheaper products challenges  · Free Trade & WTO  · Strong comp etition from competitors in near future  · Instability of Government  · High rate of Taxation  · Bad infrastructure ORGANIZATION HIERARCHEY The above chart shows the centralization in the industry. The main decision comes from the Chairman of the company while Board of Directors approves his decisions and this implement in organization by respective committees. The Board of directors is committed to good corporate governance. The company is managed and supervised responsibly and proper internal controls and risk management policy. Its procedures are in place for efficient and effective operations of the company, safeguarding of assets of the company. This is compliance with laws and regulations and proper financial reporting in accordance with International Financial Reporting standards. indu

Presenting, Assessing and Reviewing Essay

As a teacher my roles responsibilities and boundaries, would be spread over a broad spectrum of areas and tasks and in preparing for, delivering, assessing and reviewing the courses I would deliver, applying the P. A. R. (Present, Apply, Review) principles not only in the direct delivery of my subject but as a broader ethos surrounding my whole teaching cycle. On employment with a provider my initial responsibilities would be to review the Protocols, rules and regulations of the establishment which are the most fundamental boundaries, to review the contents of existing courses (or units for art and design courses) that were already being provided in my subject area of photography , examining the associated schemes of work and lesson plans to ensure that I had a good grasp of what I was expected to teach, ( it may be impossible to assimilate all of this information in one go , but I would go into each session having researched what I am expected to know and impart to the students). Drawing from my own experience I would offer to open a dialogue (using course data) with my colleagues and peers, be they fellow tutors or superiors, to see where the delivery could be strengthened, via its content (syllabus non-withstanding) timing structure , scale, location and facilities on offer. This would be with a view to improving course numbers and positive learning outcomes which is a core responsibility. A boundary here would be if I were employed in a role which did not allow this kind of input, a barrier would be the annoyance of staff who have already delivered photography courses or units (as I have little teaching experience) so consideration and good interpersonal skills would need to come to the fore. This information would feed into my role of preparing my own subject ‘schemes of work’, it would be my responsibility to analyse the requirements of the syllabus, making sure that I understood it myself by carrying out research to bring myself up to date I would then work out how to break it down into its constituent parts and how relate it to my learners in enjoyable and manageable chunks over the duration of the course. Boundaries here are set out by awarding bodies for the qualifications I would teach, such as the amount of contact time, the length of time allowed for a learner to complete the course, what written work is required i. . assignments, essays or dissertations as well as how it is assessed. The amount of practical work and how it is assessed may also be set externally. When setting out schemes of work I would also need to consider as boundaries:- †¢ What kind of learners will be attending, what will be their motivations, what will their baseline achievement levels be, how broad will the spectrum of attainment be? †¢ What equipment will be required and how will I make it available to everyone? †¢ Where each session is to be delivered, its impact on what can be taught and how it can be taught? †¢ When each session is delivered, what condition the learners will be in, how will it impact on their concentration and what kind of practical work will be viable? †¢ How long is the term and are there any holidays, placements, visits and other trips? Having set out my schemes of work, I would then review them with my colleagues if the setting out had not already been a collaborative effort. Depending on the circumstances there also might be the opportunity to feedback to whichever body (or senior member of staff) sets the syllabus, with new ideas or fresh perspectives on the course contents. At this point I could give a clear insight into the courses I would be delivering and how it would fit into the broader theme of being a learner, I would be able to use this in my role as a spokesman for my subject area or faculty during marketing events such as open evenings and school visits, again feeding back information about new areas of interest, ways of getting better uptake of courses by analysing dialogue or questionnaires filled out. In my role as a Tutor I will conduct interviews with prospective students myself, (or they may be conducted by someone else) where I will be responsible for assessing whether they which of my courses would be most suited to them, if they may need to carry out further learning, either alongside doing the course or in preparation for it and if they require support in regard to disability, inance, childcare or any other barrier that would prevent them from fair access to the course. From this meeting and after enrolment an initial Individual Learning Plan is agreed. Using the framework of my ‘Schemes of Work’ I will then use the information from the Individual Learning Plans to tailor my lesson planning to the students needs and strengths and encouraging improvement in their weaker areas, using Visual, Aural and Kinaesthetic (V.  A. K. ) means, Making best use of their prior learning, promoting equality and celebrating diversity. Once students have started a course with me I would be responsible for their health and safety, I would make them familiar with all aspects of health and safety relevant to Photography Practice, and the policy of the college or institution, these are boundaries put in place to protect all, providing a safe and supportive place to study and work. These would also form part of the ground rules in my sessions, It would be my role to enforce them as it would be to abide by them, examples would be to establish what is suitable subject material, what constitutes correct handling of equipment , respect for others, no shouting, swearing, no sexism or racism either in images or verbally. I would present this information as I would with the rest of my course content using V. A. K. modes of teaching in as enjoyable a format as possible, clearly setting out the aims and objectives. Personal boundaries would need to be set out as I could well be teaching people of the same age as me, or anyone of 16 years or older, fraternisation outside of contact time could be seen as favouritism or abusing my position. Another important boundary would be to recognise the appropriate amount of help I should give to an individual learner, assisting students to access relevant services in college but avoiding inappropriate contact and making sure that my actions are not to the detriment of my students. I would strive to create a supportive learning environment for my learners while teaching theoretical and practical aspects of photography, I would introduce each session with a clear aims and objectives, assess what knowledge the group has of the topic, Sharing my Knowledge via demonstrations, videos or lectures, giving opportunities to discuss and explore the topic via V. A. K. learning modes, allowing them to apply their learning with hands on work, demonstrating their learning to each other, myself and themselves making sure that hands on time extends their knowledge and maximises learning potential. I would use informal testing methods such as questions and answers or a quiz to assess retention before finally reviewing the learning. Written and practical assignments , formal testing either set by the awarding body or myself would be used in part to assess the learning, It would be my role to use this data in tandem with informal testing (Q&A, Quizzes, etc), observation, peer review and self assessment and progress meetings with individual students. It would be my responsibility to see that these assessments are carried out properly, and without bias, making sure that handed in work was assessed with the same care that I would like my own work to be assessed and kept safe, free from damage and in accordance with the institutions’ data protection policy. On a session to session basis it would be my responsibility to ensure all of the administration relating to the students was up to date, in good order and reached the correct departments in the learning institute (or external body). Records such as the attendance register are not only kept for safety reasons (to establish the whereabouts of an individual, during a fire or other emergency and as part of a broader duty of care to students) but to monitor learners attendance so it meets the minimum requirements for the course. If not, correct assessment would not possible and the student’s opportunity to learn would also be compromised, falling below the minimum accepted attendance would be a boundary to the student’s success. I would also keep records on student progress, behaviour and performance (including which learning methods stimulate them the most. ) and use them with the results from both formal and informal assessments to adjust my lesson planning not only during the session as it happens, but fine tuning future lesson plans to match the rise and falls of student insight into, retention and application of the subject. During this fine tuning process I would also take account of my own reflections on the session, (Review) has my communication (spoken, written or by demonstration) triggered the correct response in the learner? Have I listened correctly and understood the students? (Feedback is only useful if it is understood,) In addition I would consider input from my peers (assessment) as to whether my delivery and the structure of the course needs to be amended during the period of its current delivery (Present). At the end of the course I would use this information and the students’ completed portfolios to assess and review what improvements can be made in the presentation of the next teaching year cycle. The principle of P. A. R. (Presenting, Assessing and Reviewing) is used on several different forms, In my preparation to become a trainer, In my extended role as a spokesperson for my subject or college and as a tutor within individual sessions, dealing with students and their immediate interaction with the subject and my delivery of it, then again in preparation and evaluation of courses I would run in the session to session cycle and during the yearly teaching cycle.

Standard of Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Standard of Care - Assignment Example (4) Discuss the repercussions that could arise, both for the patient and you, in regards to injection of contrast media. Repercussions with the advent of contrast media could be severe for the patient. The patient might begin to have an interaction should he or she be receiving ink within the blood to have the patient’s innards show up on an imaging technology. The injections could not only prove to be only annoying or beginning a reaction, but the injections could also prove fatal if the patient had a very severe reaction and the injection was not stopped before the interaction progressed to the point where the patient was having a very bad reaction—whether it be due to certain medications the patient was on or other concomitant factors. (5) Explain the organization of the information supplied in the Physicians Desk Reference (PDR). The Physicians’ Desk Reference, or PDR, is basically a book that lists all of the medications that are administered today. One mu st, however, have the most recent copy of it, which is most relevant—because new medications are put on the market every year. The organization of the information in the PDR is generally just placed in alphabetical order. Usually, the generic and brand names are both listed in the book, but you just might have to look up the generic name instead of the brand name. It really depends upon what year of the PDR one is looking at, per se. (6) What are the benefits of physicians using PDRs in ordering prescriptions for their patients? The benefit of physicians using PDRs in ordering prescriptions for their patients is helpful, but not necessarily recommended. When a doctor is making out a prescription, he or she should carefully note... From the research it can be comprehended that the procedures, policies, and ultimate controls concerning Deanna have a lot to do with how well people manage patients’ medications. Deanna’s situation is special because she may have a worsening of her symptoms due to her extensive smoking habit every day. Thus, an inhaled corticosteroid will probably be prescribed for Deanna which will help relieve her symptoms considerably. So, a lot of the important decisions fall on the shoulders of doctors as well as nurses. It is only with much careful consideration and contemplation that doctors and nurses must take into account what are the proper limitations that must be considered when prescribing or, respectively, dispensing medication to patients. It is only with the greatest of care that these decisions should be taken into account. Hopefully, with the guidance of good doctors and nurses, it only makes sense that patients should be able to feel secure in their own environments , knowing that substances are properly controlled around them. If patients feel insecure about their environments because drugs are not properly controlled, this will be the downfall of a healthcare organization. It is with the careful planning and proper controls on medication that these differing situations can be kept under control, of course by having rigorous and stringent policies in place which control such situations. It is very important that all of these elements work in conjunction with each other in order to form organized healthcare organizations.

The Market Forces of supply and demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Market Forces of supply and demand - Essay Example These two inter-relates in a situation whereby the producer sells the same quantity of a goods and services that the consumer is willing and capable to purchase. Since a market is a combination of the producer (sellers) and consumer (buyers) of a specific goods and service, the force of demand and supply has been used in the economics to refer to the general behavior of the market participants (Caballero, Hoshi and Kashyap 1947). The main characteristics of a market are that all goods and services are the same and have got a large number of buyers and sellers to curb the effects brought by a single person over the market price. In the economy, a market exists as a competitive field in which a variety of companies and business entities produce identical goods and service and strive to sell to their prospects. The type of market in operation maintains its’ existence in the economy because of their structure namely; a monopoly; which is a market structure where the market is controlled by one firm. Monopolistic competition is market where a variety of companies have a certain percentage of market share but they all differentiate their goods and service from each other to make them unique. Perfect competition is a market structure that does not have a limited number of firms that have an entry. It is generally free entry for all interested buyers and sellers. Another market structure is the oligopoly that has its’ operations dominated by few firms and have total control over the majority in the market share. In cases where there two firms are dominating and has full control of the market share, it is referred to a duopoly. Unlike in a monopolistic market structure where we only have one provider, in a monophony market, there is only one person to purchase the products in the market (buyer). In addition, there is a market structure

Stats26 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stats26 - Essay Example The results of a two-factor analysis of variance produce df = 1, 28 for the F-ratio for factor A, df = 2, 28 for the F-ratio for factor B, and df = 2, 28 for the AÃâ€" B interaction. Based on this information, what is the total number of different treatment conditions that were compared in the study? In a line graph showing the results from a two-factor experiment, the levels of factor B are presented on the X-axis and the line for A1 is consistently 5 points higher than the line for A2. What result is indicated by this pattern? A two-factor study with two levels of factor A and three levels of factor B uses a separate group of n = 5 participants in each treatment condition. How many participants are needed for the entire study? If the mean and variance are computed for each sample in an independent-measures two-factor experiment, then which of the following types of sample data will tend to produce large F-ratios for the two-factor ANOVA? The following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment. Note that one mean is not given. What value of the missing mean will result in no main effect for factor A? The following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment. Note that one mean is not given. What value of the missing mean will result in no main effect for factor B? 1. The results from a two-factor experiment can be presented in a matrix with the levels of factor A forming the rows and the levels of factor B forming the columns, with a separate sample in each of the matrix cells. Using this matrix structure, describe the null hypothesis for each of the three F-ratios computed in the two-factor analysis. (3) A X B-interaction: The null hypothesis is that there is no interaction between factors A and B. All the mean differences between treatment conditions are explained by the main effects of the two factors. 3. The following table summarizes the results of a

Reflection on reading and writing case study Coursework

Reflection on reading and writing case study - Coursework Example It is necessary to review the progress made after implementation of a strategy in order to know whether to continue with it or develop a new one. While some strategies work on some students, they are not successful in other students because of differences as in academics and cognition. Discussing the student’s knowledge strategies helped my student in reading skills. The voice of a student is indispensible in the whole process because they made me aware of the available skills that were necessary. Failure to do that may have caused a repetitive process and poor choice of a teaching strategy. For the word, I believe the practice with my student helped him to improve his phonics. He was able to improve his word reading skills with prefixes and correctly pronounce prefixes with Vowel Consonant Words (VC). It is essential to choose a task-specific strategy that identifies the immediate requirement of a student, and is compatible with his needs. My strengths as a teacher include the modification of a teaching strategy in lieu with the changing demands of a student. I am able to understand the right time to change a student and move to the next step. My experience with Chris was beneficial as we created a good bond and everything else fell into place. A good working relationship creates an environment in which everybody interacts comfortably and with ease. My weaknesses as a teacher include impatience. There were times when I moved slightly fast than was required and I realized Chris was lagging behind. This was especially true when he failed to complete tasks that I thought were quite simple. For instance, after reading â€Å"fire fire†, I realized that he does not understand some words, which I thought were simple. Although Chris knew the meaning of the word ‘extinguisher’, he did not know the pronunciation. However, I learn the need for awareness and patience in the implementation of intervention strategies.

Interactive Processes and Cognitive Development Essay

Interactive Processes and Cognitive Development - Essay Example One such theory is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky professes that there is an actual zone for development and this zone consists of a gap "between a learner's current or actual level of development determined by independent problem solving and the learners emerging or potential level of development." Schaffer (2006 p 46) The key to what Vygotsky professed is that this zone or gap is imperative to development. It contains the set of knowledge that the learner has the ability to learn at that time. However, the learner at that time does not comprehend that these things are just our of their reach. Schaffer (2006, p 181) It is the point in child development where the learner is challenged to learn. Jean Piaget has a theory regarding child development and the cognitive processes that are involved. Piaget was concerned with knowledge and how it is obtained just as Vygotsky was. Rather than being a zone that prompted or challenged further gaining of information Piaget's theory's key concept was that knowledge grows. In one respect this is essentially what Vytgosky's (ZPD) theory professed.

What you should know and consider in order to make a wise decision Essay

What you should know and consider in order to make a wise decision about how to assist someone in deciding whether or not to commit medical suicide - Essay Example nt example is that of Phillip Nitschke, an Australian medical practitioner who had his practicing license retrieved for his involvement in a case where the patient who had sought for information from him went ahead and committed suicide. The email conversation was used to convict him. This essay will therefore establish the ethical issues in assisted medical suicide as supported by given philosophical theories. Personal liberty defenders have been at the forefront claiming that one should be allowed to end their lives any time they want. In some cases one may be subjected to too much pain especially in terminal diseases such as cancer that they consider ending their lives. A good case is of Mathew Donelly who had worked in an x-ray laboratory for the better part of his life. He later got caner which led to amputation of his hand, his nose and a number of his fingers. His pleas to have his life ended fell on deaf ears until his brother shot him dead to end his agony. His brother was however charged with murder. There are various bases that have been proposed to be considered in cases of medical suicide that should be considered if it is to be allowed. The first one is the terminality of the disease. In some cases the doctor can establish that the patient will not recover and so it is just a matter of time to have him dead. Second, in many of such cases, the patient may be in too much pain that it is prudent to end the pain in consideration of the first factor that they will not recover. Cancer is one disease that causes such misery to the patient especially if it is recognized at a developed stage. The third factor to be considered is the patient’s opinion. If the patient feels that he wants his life ended, then that should be adopted and the doctor should assist in that. The implementation of such ideas is hard due to the legal aspects involved. Medical suicide is classified in various categories according to how it is performed. Voluntary one is done with the

Nowledge Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Nowledge Management - Case Study Example This new concept of knowledge management has enhanced the progress of most institutions it turns personal knowledge to be the institutions asset and therefore it is widely used within the institution. Ones knowledge can be mixed with other values and insights to be applied in the organizations practices and routines this is according to Eardley and Uden (2011). Within a school setup, this can also be attained through enabling better processing methods for knowledge and through this better communication can be achieved and shared to others . Schools that practice knowledge management only focus on not repeating same mistakes and diversifying their thinking to avoid duplicate works. Wisdom high school is an average sized school with a population of six hundred students and forty teachers and twenty-five non-staff members. They all work together to provide quality service to its students and community. All workers exchange information among themselves on how to co-operate in work for be st outputs. This can be done through formal and informal ties and training among themselves. Networking system can also be encouraged to enhance access to information and exchanges between workers. Knowledge management faces several challenges in its implementation, but with the developments in computer networking, cooperation and consultations have been enhanced. It is enhances the support of decisions by more people within the organization and rejection if it is not appropriate. Therefore, this supports. Working within the school setup involves educating scholars and decision making on issue that affects the whole school society. Schools should know about current trends in the learning systems and therefore, try to embrace them to promote current discourse on academic issues. This creates advancements in performance and creates more interest from both scholars and staff to learn new ideas. Many learning institutions have been undergoing many weaknesses units management, therefore, to improve on its knowledge management it can focus on giving training to its personnel about current affairs in the economy and within the school institution (Pauleen, 2007). Some of the problems are because of lack of knowledge on what the institution is engaging in. There is need for understanding the concepts of knowledge management. This will help the institution determine on whether it is ready to engage in knowledge management. There is also the problem of social relations. The installation of technology should not stop direct confrontations and consultations. The institution should also not expect to acquire new knowledge but should instead focus on improving the existing one. This institution with both formal and informal personnel needs to have knowledge bases from where they can get their knowledge. According to their roles, there is need for diversified fields at the base. There is need for planning knowledge that helps guide the institution to its goals and objectives. It also helps in classifying needs giving priority to the most urgent and primary. Descriptive knowledge is also necessary to help the personnel understand the type of individuals they handle. Other kinds of knowledge are the predictive knowledge and assessment knowledge too. They apply in relating to customers, in sales and in management of finances. Therefore, to ensure proper relations between employees and workers, proper

Chabros International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chabros International - Essay Example Dubai is on the decline mostly due to tough economic conditions. A closer analysis of the facts provided in the case study would suggest important management and strategic issues which firm needs to focus on. Two of the important management issues are mode of entry as well as the marketing strategy of the firm. When entering into international markets, firms have relatively diversified options to exercise. From exporting to the establishment of a Greenfield projects, firms can choose the right strategy based upon the overall situation and the resources available to the organization. However, in order to expand into any market, it is also critical to highlight and explore language and cultural differences as well as the institutional differences as these factors tend to have significant impact on the way a firm has to develop its marketing as well as HR strategy. The initial strategy adapted by the firm was to enter into joint ventures with the firms which were not located in the region. This therefore created strong cultural and interpersonal issues for partners who were not used to the overall culture and business norms of the region. As such the firm entered into the market without actually making an effort to understand the local dynamics and importance of having local partners. Since firm was entering into different markets for the first time it was therefore important for it to either start through the exporting or founding joint ventures with the local firms. However, the firm, actually opened wholly owned subsidiaries in those regions with 100% ownership therefore the necessary capital was tied up in establishing new facilities. Secondly, the firm focused on one market while continued to expand in other markets despite the fact that major chunk of its sales were coming from one single market i.e. Dubai. Rather than

Forensic Psychology and the Prison Service Essay Example for Free

Forensic Psychology and the Prison Service Essay The two programmes mentioned above have similar objectives and use comparable methods. The curriculum includes teaching problem-solving skills, perspective taking and social skills, creative thinking, moral reasoning, management of emotions, and critical reasoning (Blud et al, 2003). To pass through the first stage of selection for a cognitive skills programme in HM Prison Service, offenders should either have a current or previous conviction for a sexual, violent or drug-related offence, or they should demonstrate a life-style factor such as serious drug abuse or poor family relationships which indicate they may benefit from the programme. One study conducted by the Canadian Correctional Service showed that there were modest outcome effects at best, with 47% of the sample being readmitted to prison. Critics of this treatment suggest that focusing on developing compensatory strategies to repair deficits in thinking does not allow sufficient account to be taken of the predisposition, choices, opportunities and motivations of the individual, and that it would be more useful to design interventions which focus on providing opportunities to change and develop. There are alternatives to cognitive therapy within the prison system. One of these is the therapeutic institutional regime, which has the aim of providing offenders with an institutional environment that will encourage their development as members of an effective community, which may then lead to more effective participation in their community on release (Howitt, 2006, p. 366). The effective treatment of sex offenders originated in the behavioural therapies common in the 1960s. The treatment of sex offenders was not a priority in prison services until the last few years. Sex offenders typically have both sexual and nonsexual problems (Blackburn, 1995), so assessment needs to cover social, cognitive, affective, and physiological levels of functioning. Treatment for sexual offenders differentiates between types of offence, such as child molestation, exhibitionism, rape, and sexual assault (Hollin, 1989). Behavioural therapists consider assessment of sexual arousal patterns to be necessary. Changing deviant sexual preference is a major target of cognitive-behavioural programmes. There are a number of ways of doing this, such as covert sensitisation, shame aversion therapy, masturbatory or orgasmic reconditioning and shaping and fading (Blackburn, 1995). However, there are a number of questions over their use. For example, the assumption that deviant preference predicts re-offending remains largely untested. There are also attempts to improve social competence. Cognitive distortions are targeted in this approach. These distortions include beliefs about sex roles, rape myths, the acceptability of child-adult sex, and the minimization of harmful effects of sexual assault. According to Blackburn (1995), offenders who commit serious crimes against the person are likely to display multiple psychological dysfunctions. Blackburn states that there are four types of murderer: paranoid-aggressive; depressive; psychopathic; and over-controlled repressors (of aggression). In one study, using the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), Biro et al (1992) found that 49% of homicide convicts were in the hypersensitive-aggressive category. This category consists of people with the characteristic of being easily offended, prone to impulsive aggressive outbursts and intolerant of frustration. They are very rigid, uncooperative and permanently dissatisfied thing things. However, the causes of antisocial behaviour in psychotic offenders are often the same as those in the non-disordered. Psychological treatment for dangerous offenders is most frequently carried out in forensic psychiatric facilities. While pharmacological treatment is frequently the best strategy for treating acute psychotic disorders, psychological interventions are a more durable alternative for emotional problems such as depression or anxiety, and are critical in rehabilitation. There are few demonstrably effective treatment or intervention programmes for adult violent offenders in maximum-security prisons, particularly for those diagnosable as psychopaths. They have very high recidivism rates and are often involved in institutional violent behaviour (Belfrage at al, ).

The Marketing Strategy Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay

The Marketing Strategy Of Air Arabia Tourism Essay The company Air Arabia which is chosen in this report is a public company. This report also gives information about how the company works internally and externally. The main hub of the Air Arabia Company is in Sharjah, U.A.E and Mohamed V Airport in Casablanca, Morocco. This report will also give you the financial Information of the company and also about its competitors financial status like its sales, profit, and market share. Air Arabia is worlds First and Largest Low Cost Carrier (LCC) to operate in Middle East and North Africa. It operates in more than 40 countries worldwide and has segmented its target market in Middle East, Indian Subcontinents, South and Central Asia, Africa and Europe. The report also gives complete information about the companys Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats and also about its Product (Services), Price, Place and Promotion. Last but not the least, the report has showed the position of the company in the current market, evidence of the compa nys success and prospects for future growth/success. Air Arabia Introduction Air Arabia is the first largest Low Cost Carrier (LCC) to operate in Middle East and North Africa. Air Arabia started its operation in October 2003 and holds a portfolio of successful business.The Main Hub of Air Arabia is Sharjah Airport, UAE and Mohamed V Airport in Casablanca, Morocco and later on announced its third hub in Egypt. The current CEO of Air Arabia is Adel Ali who was named as Airline CEO of the Year for 3 years. Air Arabia is named as Best Low Cost Carrier at many Airline Awards. Air Arabia is a listed company on the Dubai Financial Market. The current Air Arabia slogan is Air Arabia, Pay Less Fly More. The Market Environment: Air Arabia has spread it wings from its hubs; Sharjah Airport, UAE and Mohamed V Airport in Casablanca, Morocco and Egypt to over 65 destinations spreading across Middle East, Indian Subcontinents, South and Central Asia, Africa and Europe. Air Arabia is in Airline Industry and has maintained a portfolio of successful business till now. The Airline Industry provides with Air transport services to passengers who want to travel to different countries which are covered by Airplanes in much less time. It also provides with air cargo facilities. The Competition The Main Competitors Air Arabia has many competitors such as Emirates Airline, Etihad Airways, and Air India Express but out of all these the main competitor of Air Arabia is Jazeera Airways. Sales and Profit Trend Jazeera Airways faced a Net Loss of 8.2 million in the year 2009. In the year 2010 the company is still operating in loss of 4.4 million in the first quarter and a loss of 4.7 million in the second quarter. Market Share Jazeera Airways head office is in Kuwait. It also had its hub in UAE but because of it facing loss in the previous year it had decided to close down the UAE hub. So now it only controls from Kuwait. Target Market Jazeera Airways is a low cost airline that targets the people with low income. The Company Sales and Profit Trend Air Arabias company profits in the year 2009 were AED 452 million. In the year 2010 the profits of the company in the first quarter were AED 50 million and in the second quarter were also AED 50 million. The company is building up a strong network route which is helping in growing its sales. Market Share The following graph shows Air Arabia Profit generated worldwide. GCC AED 63.28 million Middle East AED 63.28 million North Africa AED 49.72 million Central Asia AED 22.6 million Europe AED 94.92 million Indian Subcontinents AED 158.2 million Business Sector Air Arabia is a public sector company with its share listed on the Dubai Financial Market (DFM: AIRARABIA). SWOT analysis Strengths Air Arabia is the first low cost carrier in the GCC region. Given the huge investment required in setting up an airline, competition will need time to be a significant threat. Sharjah Airport gives significant waivers to Air Arabia in the form of landing and parking fees. Despite a very young history, net profits have been increasing at a CAGR of over 200% since 2005. The company managed to generate its first net profit in 2005 after starting operations in late 2003. Weaknesses Less number of planes Hub location A deterrent for residents of other emirates in UAE other than Dubai. Fuel prices account for roughly 38% of total operating costs for Air Arabia. The price hike in crude oil is expected to continue affecting the airline. Opportunities With a firm order for 34 aircraft and an option for 15 more, Air Arabia is poised for growth. The airline is expected to add more destinations to its portfolio. Competition is still young when compared to Air Arabia which gives the company time to further solidify its positioning as a quality LCC. The UAE and the GCC as a whole is focused on attracting tourists to the region. As the region grows with the rising price of oil, the accessible market for Air Arabia also expands in the long-term. Threats Being the most significant component of operating costs, energy prices can seriously hamper Air Arabias performance. Airlines around the world are struggling because of rising energy costs. Low LCC penetration in the region makes the pie very large however new LCCs are on their way to make the division more diluted in the future. New LCCs include Sama, Nas, RAK Airways and Fly Dubai. Due to limited choice in aircraft suppliers, airlines are sensitive to delivery schedules of aircraft. The delivery of the 34 ordered aircraft is originally meant to commence in 2013. The Companys Marketing Strategy Segmentation Air Arabia has been spread worldwide through three hubs namely Sharjah Airport, Mohamed V Airport in Casablanca and Egypt airport. Air Arabia is in Travel and Tourism industry which is further divided into Travel industry which provides with travel facilities to passengers who want to travel to other countries whereas Tourism industry which help with Hotel reservations. Targeting Air Arabia targets people with low income who would like to travel the world which could not be possible as the air freight is high. But nowadays people with good income have also started traveling in Air Arabia as it helps them to save for better future. Positioning Air Arabia has positioned itself in the market in such a way that has kept it far ahead of its competitors. Air Arabia and Jazeera airways are in competition but still demand for Air Arabia is high as it provides cheap ticket price. Growth Strategy Air Arabia has planned to expand its Sharjah hub by Investing 2.0 billion in new aircrafts which will increase the number of planes to 34 by 2015.this expansion will also increase the frequency of flights on certain routes, i.e. doubling the number of daily flights in most cases. The Marketing Mix Product (Service) Air Arabia offers many services to their customers according to the target segment they belong to. They provide with online booking which reduces the time of a customer to go to any agency and book a flight. Air Arabia also provides with hotel-reservation service and recommends the best options for customers according to their needs and budgets. Price Air Arabia is using a low cost strategy, which is to offer lower price than what other airlines in the market offer. It uses this strategy because it targets people from low to medium-income level who are willing to pay less in order to fly more. Place The main base of Air Arabia is in Sharjah, UAE. It has more three hubs which are in Morocco, Egypt and Jordon. Air Arabia also has an Online Website through which customers can book their flights, check the latest offers and book an accommodation in a hotel during his/her travel. Promotion Air Arabia always advertise in local and international, Arabic and English newspapers and magazines because their target audience are people from all nationalities. It advertises in business, family and social magazines worldwide to reach their target audience who have different interests. Air Arabia has created a website offers many services such as the online booking, which allow customers to select particular seats or service from their home. Furthermore, Air Arabia advertises in many websites from different fields such as the MSN messenger and the Gulf News. Evaluation of the Companys Strategies and Tactics Current Market Situation Air Arabia being the First and largest Low Cost Carrier in the Middle East and North Africa have put themselves ahead of their competitors. The companys services are being demanded by many customers due to whom in 2010 the Net Profit of the company in third quarter increased to AED 136 million. Evidence of Companys Success The Companys profit in the year 2009 was AED 452 million which had been decreased from the previous year. But the companys growth strategy shows that it will be successful in the coming years. Prospects for future growth/success Air Arabia have invested AED 1.7 2.0 billion on new aircrafts to increase the number of planes by 2015. This investment will increase the frequency of the flights on certain routes. Conclusion Air Arabia has been growing in Travel and Tourism industry with a vision to offer better services and to be the best airline on every route it flies by improving a strong network route. Thus, it has many target segments of people with low to medium- income levels that are looking for low air fares. The ambition of Air Arabia is a fleet expansion of 50 aircrafts by 2015 and also establishing more hubs to link the whole Arab world to Africa and Europe

Maintaining Diversity in a Workplace

Maintaining Diversity in a Workplace In this review I am going to show how different public services have different methods of services so basically, this written opinion will show information about different methods used in the public services to make sure that they have a many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country. I will gather some of the information, on workplace such as; policies and procedures, bullying and teasing and threatening over and over again in a mean way in workplace etc. In the public services there are different methods on how they can place certain policies and legislations in place with the government to make sure that services meet the standard needs of the public within matters of health and diversity. To meet these requirements, services have their own procedure and methods that are normally mentioned in the service policy so that can deal with their problems when they have any. Some of the organizations or services can be quite fixed on how to create their style of diverse workforce; I think they do that so that different groups of people that work with them can enjoy their work. Services also show they have an equal diversity by having a variety of religious meals that it can have a certain standard to those who are religious or any other such as vegetarian or diet meals, but not everything has to be about meals when some of the services provides things like prayer rooms or a room that can be used to concentrate and forget about everything else. Rooms that have been there and always will be there would be such things like toilets and changing rooms for male and female. In recent years the most services forbid woman to be either in the front line or to be alone when on patrol now the police service are trying to recruit more female officers as well as more people from minority groups with an aim to have a more many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country who can relate more to the public. Not so long ago, it has been brought up that there is still institutional treating people badly or unfairly because of their race within the Police force, this, as well as many other reasons such as negative making prejudiced mental pictures, informal bias and ideas you think are true from related to a group of people with the same race, culture, religion, etc. minority groups themselves are reasons why people from minority groups are less likely to join. The Police have introduced some ways to try and create a more many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country. Some of these methods include, improving the data collected on the age, male/female status, family and cultural characteristics, race and disability of their members so that these can be analyzed and tested/evaluated to see which areas are weakest and need strengthening to make sure that the officers reflect and relate to the community they are working in. Another way according from this source (Simpleask.co.uk) is positive advertising, for example, the Could you? series of actions to reach a goal which is the polices national putting something into use series of actions to reach a goal which once set up, the police received expressions of interest from nearly 100,000 people, 40% of whom were found to be women   They set up targets regularly for the different areas to recruit and keep/hold related to a group of people with the same race, culture, religion, etc. minority officers and females. In 2003 The City-based Police decided to allow foreign nationals to sign up to join the police force for the first time to help meet related to a group of people with the same race, culture, religion, etc. putting something into use targets due to being told that 25% of its all the workers in a company or country had to include people from minority backgrounds. Since then the police have been working hard to create a more many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country. The police also have been doing different kind of searching; police officers that stop and search are now searching their kind of gender

Minitrucks and their effect on society Essay -- essays research papers

Mini-Trucking and its Effect on Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The vehicle code handbook states that any modification done to a vehicle to alter it from its original state violates the law. That single sentence has created more problems for custom vehicle owners than can be imagined. Yet, at the same time, it has generated massive amounts of money for the state of California. Modifying one’s vehicle sets it apart from others and makes a statement about the owner’s individuality. Over the past decade, hacking up a vehicle, putting a trick paint job on it, and developing an â€Å"out-of-control† sound system has evolved into a sport, not just a hobby. As with everything, though, there is always someone or something to try and put a stop to citizens just trying to enjoy them-selves. These are the police. Of course if not done properly, a weld could break or an airbag could pop and someone driving could lose control of a vehicle and hurt themselves or even kill themselves or someone else. It is the job of the police to try to regulate this sport. The state doesn’t want a bunch of lowered trucks dragging on the street, knocking off road dots, or playing their music too loud when driving through a neighborhood at 3am. But most of the time when someone is told not to do something it makes him or her want to do it even more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Altering vehicles has been around for a very long time. There are also professionals who are in this sport to make a living. â€Å"Mi...

Media Violence and its Effect on Children Essay -- Youth Kids TV

media violence and its effects on children Introduction Communications technology is expanding through the entire global community (Dyson 2). Children everywhere are being born into a world of images and messages, which are largely separated from their home, school and spiritual lives (Dyson 2). In society today storytellers are seldom parents, grandparents, teachers or the clergy; instead they are the handful of distant forces with something to sell (Dyson 2). What is unique about the media industry is that in global and corporate domination they have become part of our culture as well as our identity (Dyson 3). Social scientists and child advocates have been exploring the effects of media for decades, yet it is only recently that the concern has generated a public debate (Bok 3). Historical Disagreements concerning the effect of violence revealed in works of art and entertainment have resonated over the centuries (Bok 41). We must ask ourselves whether or not our versions of entertainment exhibits anymore violence then past forms of rec reation, for example gladiatorial games or public hangings (Bok 23). Plato viewed human life as a pilgrimage from the appearance to reality (Bok 41). He also believed that a piece of art had to be strictly censored when they depicted any form of evil and cruelty (Bok 41). When an artist imitated what was bad, they add to the sum of badness in the world (Bok 41). Both Plato and Aristotle pointed out, we as humans do find delight in representations of objects and emotions that would consider different from real life; most of us agree with Aristotle in refusing to believe that they are corrupt (Bok 41). The Romans remain the prototype for violent entertainment at its most extreme (Bok 17). It was a culture, which sanctioned tradition, foreign conquest was a domestic culture, and weapons were easily available (Bok 17). The treatment of newborns and slaves within the home extended to crucifixions and other brutal punishments (Bok 17). Though on a whole the Romans did not criticize their choice of entertainment, one philosopher, Seneca, did. To exhibit the slaughter of eighteen elephants in the Circus, pitting criminals against them in a mimic battle [and] thought it a notable kind of spectacle to kill human beings after a new fashion. Do they fight to the death? That is not enough! Are they torn to pieces? That is not Eno... ...103). In regard to the effects of media violence on children and young adults, such works challenge our instinctive denial of our most primative layers of fear and aggression (Bok 28). Bibliography Works Cited and Consulted Bok, Sissela. Mayhem. Massachusetts: Perseus Books. 1998. Dyson, Rose A. Mind Abuse:Media Violence in an Information Age. Montreal: Black Rose Books. 2000. Herr, Kathryn G., ed. Rating Electronic Games:Violence is in the Eye of the Beholder. Ohio: Sage Publications Inc. 1993. Ledingham, Jane E. The Effects of Television on Children. Ottawa: National Clearinghouse on Family Violence and Prevention Division. 1993. Leone, Bruce. Violence in the Media. San Diego: Greenhouse Press. 1995. Morse, Jodie. "Ne year Later: Can We prevent another Columbine?." [www.newsweek.com] 24 April 2000. Rosenblatt, Roger. "Works of the Trench Coat". [www.newsweek.com] 2000. Russell, Nick. Morals and the Media: Ethics in Canadian Journalism. Vancouver: UBC Press. 1995. Singer, Benjamin D. ed. Communications in Canadian Society. Toronto: International Thomson Pub. 1995. Smith, Nigel. Violence in Society. Turin: Wayland Publishers Limited.1995.

Promoting good governance makes vigilance awareness Essay

Vigilance makes preparedness to be watchful always and sense the happening around oneself. People always have wrong approach towards vigilance as they perceive vigilance as enquiry, fixing responsibility etc. Vigilance is not investigation but it is prevention. To punish and not to prevent is like pumping the water through a pump without arresting the leakages which result in wastage of water, energy and time. Why do organizations need vigilance:- An organization protects itself from external dangers through creating security and posting manpower to guard against such threats. The role of vigilance is to protect organization from internal dangers which are more serious than external threats. Responsibility of Employees in Vigilance Matters: Vigilance officer should be own officer;All men are vigilance people-raising awareness level. Vigilance very essential ; All officers should work for the same target/goal. Vigilance is not confined to a particular individual or set up. All public servants should be honest. They also have a responsibility towards the nation to help the organization to discharge vigilance functions effectively by bringing to the notice of organization about the activities of dishonest employees. Need for Preventive Vigilance Preventive vigilance plays an important role in strengthening the vigilance set up of any organization. There has been a wide spread realization that punitive vigilance alone cannot be the foundation of an efficient vigilance machinery. In punitive vigilance, the vigilance wing reacts to complaints or information of specific instances of mala fide action, verifies such information and then proceeds against the erring officials. VIGILANCE AND E-GOVERNANCE Vigilance means watchfullness or to bring awareness. Vigilance came into existence mainly for the purpose of fighting corruption. Corruption involves misuse of power , money ,government property etc. Though corruption can’t be brought down to zero level, we can try to bring it as low as possible. This can be ensured by watchfulness, caution and vigilance. Or in other words it can be achieved by E-Governance. Corruption is anti national, anti poor and anti economic development. According to the UNDP Report on Human Development 1999 on South Asia, if the corruption level in India goes down to that of Scandinavian Countries, the GDP will grow by 1.5% and Foreign Direct Investment will go up by 12%. Corruption is anti poor because nearly 30% of the food grains and sugar meant for the public distribution system disappear in the black market. Corruption literally takes away the food from the mouths of the poor people for whom food security by way of the public distribution systems is devised by the government. Corruption is anti national as revealed by the Bombay blasts of 1993 when the customs officials who were bribed permitted the smuggling of the RDX which resulted in the death of 300 people. M/s Transparency International, a Berlin based non-government organisation has ranked India 73 out of 99 countries in the Corruption Perception Index. This refers to the perception of the degree of co rruption as seen by business people, risk analysts and the general public. It ranges from 10 (highly clean) to zero (highly corrupt). Denmark appears at the top of the list with a score of 10 and India figures at 73 with a score of 2.9. Fighting corruption is too important an activity to be left only to the Central Vigilance Commission. The Commission therefore proposes to launch a systematic campaign against corruption by involving all members of the civil society in fighting this social evil. The first step in this campaign is to educate the people about the dangers of corruption and sensitize them about the evil consequences of corruption. Participative Vigilance Definition Participative Vigilance refers to participation of everyone in curbing the corruption. At organization level it refers to participation of all internal and external stakeholders in curbing the corruption. Necessity In recent times many scams such as 2G, COLGATE, Procurement of Tatra Trucks and allocation of defence spectrum by ISRO has rocked the country. The spread and magnitude of the amount involved indicates that the corruption is deeply rooted in our democracy. Widespread corruption cannot be rooted out â€Å"just by 300 people sitting in the CVC but each and every citizen of the country must contribute towards building a TEAM India where T stands for technology and transparency, E for efficiency and empowerment, A for audit trail and accountability and M for metrics measurement and mutual cooperation,† After the move by the Civil Society led by Anna Hazare the awakened citizens might ask from themselves what is it that I can do to check corruption in my country instead of merely expecting that somebody else can do something to check corruption. CVC Approach First time on 31 October -2011 Participative Vigilance was the theme of Vigilance Awareness Week circulated by CVC. The practice of observing the Vigilance Awareness Week was initiated by the CVC in 2000. 31st October was chosen as the commencement date for the Vigilance Awareness Week, because that was the birthday of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who represented the best tradition of integrity in Indian politics. CVC has recently-launched â€Å"Vig-Eye†, a user-friendly platform for citizens to complain against corrupt officials by an SMS, was aimed at participative vigilance and would be able to reach 50 million people in the country. Tools in the hands of citizen to curb Corruption At the individual level, there are adequate resources available for any concerned citizen to play a role in checking corruption. 1. Right to Information Act 2005. 2. Lokpal bill E-Governance is the use of various modern information and communication technologies such as internet, local area networks, mobile phones,etc., by the government to promote democracy and minimize the corruption level. Simply e-governance is electronic management and electronic controllership. Therefore vigilance and e-governance are required for ensuring corruptionless functioning of any private, public or government organisation. In order to achieve this purpose, govenment has implemented various online services under national e-governance plan like property registration, railway reservation, pensions, passport, visa , company affairs, land records, e-courts, etc.Here we will discuss some of the examples and we will see how they are proven to be effective, not only for fighting against corruption but also for improving the efficiency, effectiveness and comfortness of public. Following are the examples of online service under National E-Governance Plan Income Tax A. Central Excise B. Passport/VISA C. Road Transport D. Property Registration E. Pensions F. Gram Panchayats (Rural) G. Agriculture H. Municipalities I. Employment Exchange J. Land Records K. Company Affairs L. Police M. Railway Reservation N. E-Courts Here we will discuss some examples and we will see how they are proven effective tools of vigilance for not only fighting against corruption but also improving effectiveness, efficiency and comfortness of public. Online Delivery of Land Titles in Karnataka, India Previously(i.e. Before the computerization of The Department of Revenue in Karnataka), farmers had to seek out the Village Accountant to get a copy of the Record of Rights, Tenancy and Crops (RTC) — a document needed for many tasks such as obtaining bank loans. There were delays and harassment. Bribes had to be paid. Land owners find it difficult to access the Village Accountant, as his duties entail traveling. The time taken by Village Accountants to provide RTCs has ranged from 3 to 30 days depending upon the importance of the record for the farmer and the size of the bribe. A typical bribe for a certificate could range from Rs.100 to Rs.2000. If some details were to be written in an ambiguous fashion, out of selfish motives, the bribe could go up to Rs.10,000. Land records in the custody of Village Accountant were not open for public scrutiny. But Now (i.e. after the computerization of The Department of Revenue in Karnataka) for a fee of Rs.15, a printed copy of the RTC can be obtained online at computerized land record kiosks (Bhoomi centers) in 140 taluk offices. Without delaying and any bribe. The Bhoomi software incorporates the bio-logon metrics system, which authenticates all users of the software using their fingerprint. A log is maintained of all transactions in a session. This makes an officer accountable for his decisions and actions. The government also has plans to web-enable the database to make available to the farmer a copy of the land record locally through an Internet kiosk — although without signature such a copy will only have an informative value. This scheme also useful for preventing lands-scam Due to availability of all the data related to land is at a common server. Computerized Interstate Check Posts in Gujarat Gujarat has an extensive road network, which carries a large volume of commercial traffic. Major highway systems link Dehli to Mumbai and provide the principal link to the Kandla sea port on Gujarat’s west coast. Gujarat’s 10 check posts are positioned at the border with three neighboring Indian states. Nearly 25,000 transport vehicles enter daily through these check posts. Trucking companies want to maximize their earnings from each vehicle. Often this has prompted transporters to load their trucks beyond permissible axle load, creating a serious safety hazard. Previously (i.e. before the computerization), a suspect vehicle is flagged to a stop, and then weighed on a weigh bridge located away from traffic. The legal penalty for overload is Rs 2,000 per ton. However, any fine often has been (illegally) negotiated The problem of corruption was particularly difficult to attack as the corrupt were backed by politicians. In the absence of any systematic inspection of vehicles, the transport companies also adopted various illegal practices. Duplicate copies of a single registration book from the Regional Transport Office (RTO) have been used for many different vehicles, using fake license plates. In the computerized process, all the check posts are monitored at a central location using video cameras installed at every check post cabin. The video camera captures the registration number of all trucks approaching the check post. (There are flood-lights and traffic lights which make the check posts appear like a runway at night.) Software converts the video image of the registration number to a digital form and the details of the truck are accessed from a central data base. An electronic weigh bridge captures the weight and the computer issues a demand note for fine, automatically. Through the use of computers and other electronic devices at 10 remote interstate border check posts in Gujarat, India, a team of savvy public officials have reduced corruption and significantly increased the state’s tax revenue. Online Indian Railway Train Status and reservation System: Before the computerization system it was very difficult to know the availability of seat and getting reservation without paying additional money. Passenger has to pay additional money inside the train also. But after computerization availability of seat are known to all also passenger can himself book ticket online, it reduces the money handling (dealing) in other words we can say its reducing the corruption. Also auto up gradation of passenger tickets increases the revenue to Indian railways and decreases the additional income (bribe) to TTC. Work Progress Monitoring System: This software is intensively used in all type of industry to monitor the work progress of company/ section/ individual. This is not directly relate with money corruption but it is dealing with monitoring corruption which include delaying of projects/works which leads to increase hidden cost of company also leads to inefficient work. Conclusion: Now we can say vigilance and e governance are complementary to each other. To prevent or minimize the corruption we have to have transparent system which can be achieve by deploying E-governance in all sector and everywhere. But the biggest challenge of deploying e-governance is not technology but change management. Change management is important not only in terms of cultural change but also in terms of changing operations and processes workflow that the automated environment will introduce. â€Å"E-governance, however, is not really the use of IT in governance but as a tool to ensure good governance. E-governance does not mean proliferation of computers and accessories; it is basically a political decision which calls for discipline, attitudinal change in officers and employees, and massive government process re-engineering

How Is Dramatic Tension Created in Act 2 Scene 2 of Macbeth?

Shakespear wrote the play ‘Macbeth' in the 16th century and its set in the 11th century. The different themes explored in this play are Power, Fate, Destiny, Evil as well as the unnatural. The play is about Macbeth trying to gain power in ruthless ways because of the predictions the three witches made. Lady Macbeth plays an important role throughout the play too as a powerful elizabethan woman. In Act 2 Scene 2 Macbeth starts going insane due to the guilt and we see a change in his character right before this scene Macbeth's killed the king and now is dying out of guilt. This is a very pivotal scene in the play as I believe this is the turning point of the play as after this scene more crime is commited too. The scene begins with Lady Macbeth talking. The audience understands that Lady Macbeth is waiting for her husband to return from commiting the crime. Lady Macbeth seems to be thrilled and agitated, telling herself that its all going to be okay. She feels courageous and fearless, the audience gets this idea as she keeps repeating her plan over and over and over again believeing in herself feeling â€Å"bold† claiming she has â€Å"fire†. Lady Macbeth comes out as a very strong Elizabethan woman who believes in her own power to manipulate and control Macbeth the way she likes it. She first says â€Å"that what hath made them drunk, hath made bold; What hath quench’d them, hath give me fire† this is her saying she is excited as she believes that her husband is about to achieve greatness and become the king, his plans have made her passionate about the death of Duncan or is she trying to convince herself that she is right to plan the murder? A Shakespearian audience would start to believe that she is a witch as in Shakespeare times they strongly believed in witches. Reason why Shakespear wrote this play was due to King James the first's obsession with witchcraft. A Shakespearen audience would be very appalled as they would expect a woman in those times to be very obident and innocent. Shes meant to represent her husband however Lady Macbeth behaves much differently. This gives the impression that she is twisted as she sees murder as something so trivial and has no feeling of guilt whatsoever, to an extent of planning the death of the Duncan.. A king also in those times is said to be as a â€Å"messanger of God† therefore killing a God's messanger would be something that could lead upto death penalty. A modern audience would not be as shocked as a Shakespearn audience as society has now changed and such behaviour is very expected in a woman too but some might disagree and act surprised as women are seen to be the more vulnerable, helpless ones in society and would never expect them to behave in this manner. Macbeth enters when the crime is commited. Lady Macbeth makes sure to greet him. Dramatic tension first starts when Lady Macbeth says ‘the owl scream and the crickets cry’. To a modern audience, this has no meaning but during Shakespearean times these noises were signs of someone who has died/death. Also, something evil and unatural. Short sentences are used to build up dramatic tension. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth use one worded answers and ask short questions. For example: ‘When? ’ ‘Now. ’ ‘As I descended? ’ ‘Ay. ’ This builds up tension as the reader might believe Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are scared so the conversation is short and snappy. If this scene was re-enacted the actor would read this in a hushed voice and a quiet tone as they wouldn't want to get caught. The audience is aware that Macbeth has commited a sin. The audience would begin to feel cautious and tension builds up because what happens next is not predicatble, the audience is not sure if they would get caught or heard by someone. This is where things start to get a twist and this scene gets more interesting as we see a change in the characters. This is where Macbeth's madness starts as well as his guilt and the fear that people will discover what has happened. The theme of guilt is then built up throughout this scene. Lady Macbeth seems to keep her sentences short in this part of the scene as she thinks that Macbeth is starting to go insane. She says things such as â€Å"Consider it not so deeply† she doesn't want to confuse him furthur or wants him to feel any sense of guilt as this would blow her cover. Macbeth says â€Å"I had most need of blessing, and ‘Amen' Stuck in my throat† He wont say a holy word as hes gone against all of The divine rights of Kings which means he has also gone against God. The audience understands his guilt and feels however they know he did wrong and also went against his religion therefore it’s understandable that Macbeth should suffer with his guilt. Religion is shown at this point. Lady Macbeth takes notice of Macbeth's condition and tries to make sense to him For example ‘These deeds must not be thought, After these ways; so, it will make us mad’. She makes sure of herself and is assertive. The audience can see no signs of regret or guilt with her whatsoever. The theme of nature and guilt are constantly repeated throughout this scene. ‘Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep’ which suggests that people will be in fear that Macbeth is left loose. Sleep is nature’s way of healing a person and Macbeth can't get any as he went against all the rules of nature – â€Å"Sleep no more; Macbeth shall sleep no more†. Macbeth says ‘I heard a voice cry’. This suggests hes going insane as he begins to hear other voices in his head. The constant repetition of referal to nature and religion emphasizes his guilt and regret; He knows he did wrong and repeating it reminds him of that. Macbeth feels confused and helpless as his insanity gets difficult to deal with. Lady Macbeth starts to take notice of Macbeth's madness and tries to take control of it. Themes of guilt and regret are still carried on. Lady Macbeth tries to inforce her words on him, For example ‘Infirm of purpose! As if shes telling him to accept the facts and move on. Lady Macbeth still shows no signs of guilt or regret. She is frustrated and almost shouting at him, forcing him into believing the way she does. Her tone of voice and use of language is harsh which attacks Macbeth's pride and ego as a man. She mentally manipulates him into thinking her way. Lady Macbeth takes control and is motivated by the need to not get caught and by the greed of power so then she can become the queen. The audience can once again see her manipulative side and feels sympathetic towards Macbeth. She tells Macbeth to hand her the daggers; she makes Macbeth feel useless and little as a person, directly attacking his pride as a man. Macbeth's madness continues to get worse. Lady Macbeth says â€Å"My hands are of your colour; but I shame To wear a heart so white† She makes him feel that he done the same crime as her but shes perfectly fine but hes acting like a coward, she keeps attacking his pride so that she gets what she wants out of him. As during Shakespearean times, pride and honour meant a great deal of importance. Macbeth doesn’t show any of this now. Becoming the queen is the most important motivation for her currently. Shes driven by her need and greed for power. Use of language is used to build tension, Shakespeare uses a hyperbole to express Macbeth’s guilt and the theme of regret. For example ‘Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hands? ’ This tells me that Macbeth feels really guilty hes comparing what he did as big a deal as the whole ocean saying Macbeth would need an ocean so big for him to be forgiven or to wipe away the evidence of his crime and wash this crime, this blood off their hands. Also ‘The multitudinous seas in incarnadine, making the green one red’. This imagery of blood and red is repeated and exaggerated which then again links to guilt and the theme of blood. Short sentences and noise such as ‘Knocking’ is used repeatedly to build up tension, the fear that anyone will find out keeps them anxious. Dramatic tension is created throughout this scene by the use of language, short sentences, hyperboles, repetition and imagery. This scene is an important one in the play as this is where we see a change in the characters and theres a twist in the story. This creates suspense and makes it unpredictable so the audience wants to know what will happen next and keep them interested and wanting more. Hyperboles emphasize the crucial themes in this scene like how Macbeth needs the oceans to describe his guilt and regret. Repetition makes the action continuous and seem important as its being repeated a several times and short sentences speed up the pace of which the actions happen at and help build up tension.

How to Establish Relationships with Chn and Young People

Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with children and young people. As a teaching assistant, the job involves working with young people. In order to establish respectful and professional relationships with these individuals, you should consider all of the children and the range of abilities. To develop a positive working relationship with the pupils, principles and values need to be understood in order for a professional relationship to be formed.Ensuring that the welfare of pupils is at the centre of the school is a key principle that needs to be majorly considered, if not this could seriously affect the relationship between a TA and child as the main needs will not be met. However, as individuals are at different development stages to their peers it means that different appropriate behaviour is needed. An example of this is by the use of empowering pupils through play and learning; however the lower ability of the child means that the child will need mo re assistance, and the activity will need to include more play learning.Instead of the child’s academic needs being the most important, the principle of ensuring physical and personal safety for the child within the working environment is also key. Without the assurance of the child’s safety and well-being, it could lead the child to contribute less towards the activity. Linking back to different needs of children, as a responsible adult it’s important to respect every pupil as an individual.If a group of children are perceived as â€Å"the same† it could seriously affect the children, they could be less willing to take part in activities and also they will feel as if they’re lacking individual encouragement. As well as this, to establish a respectful relationship with children and young people it’s important to show considerate and caring attitude towards the children. If the teaching assistant implies that they are solely interested in the work, it will allow the children to become unfocused and distracted.However, if the teaching assistant shows a caring attitude towards each individual it could put the child more at ease, and also could allow the child to become more interested within the task. Overall, as long as the teaching assistant is approachable and willing to listen to pupils, as well as being able to give time to the children then this will help to develop a suitable working relationship. As a result of this, it will help the children to communicate as they will be seen as a valued person.

Testicular Cancer

Definition By Mayo Clinic staff Testicular cancer occurs in the testicles (testes), which are located inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. The testicles produce male sex hormones and sperm for reproduction. Compared with other types of cancer, testicular cancer is rare. But testicular cancer is the most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 34. Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when cancer has spread beyond the testicle. Depending on the type and stage of testicular cancer, you may receive one of several treatments, or a combination.Regular testicular self-examinations can help identify growths early, when the chance for successful treatment of testicular cancer is highest. Symptoms By Mayo Clinic staff Testicular lumps Living with cancer newsletter Subscribe to our Living with cancer newsletter to stay up to date on cancer topics. Signs and symptoms of testicular cancer include: ?A lump or enlargement in either testicle ?A feel ing of heaviness in the scrotum ?A dull ache in the abdomen or groin ?A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum ?Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum ?Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts Unexplained fatigue or a general feeling of not being well Cancer usually affects only one testicle. When to see a doctor See your doctor if you detect any pain, swelling or lumps in your testicles or groin area, especially if these signs and symptoms last longer than two weeks. Make an appointment with your doctor even if a lump in your testicle isn't painful. Only a small percentage of testicular cancers are painful from the outset. CAUSES it’s not clear what causes testicular cancer in most cases. Doctors know that testicular cancer occurs when healthy cells in a testicle become altered.Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way to keep your body functioning normally. But sometimes some cells develop abnormalities, causing this growth to get out of control — t hese cancer cells continue dividing even when new cells aren't needed. The accumulating cells form a mass in the testicle. Nearly all testicular cancers begin in the germ cells — the cells in the testicles that produce immature sperm. What causes germ cells to become abnormal and develop into cancer isn't known. Risk factors By Mayo Clinic staff Living with cancer newsletter Subscribe to our Living with cancer newsletter to stay up to date on cancer topics.Factors that may increase your risk of testicular cancer include: ? An undescended testicle (cryptorchidism). The testes form in the abdominal area during fetal development and usually descend into the scrotum before birth. Men who have a testicle that never descended are at greater risk of testicular cancer than are men whose testicles descended normally. The risk remains even if the testicle has been surgically relocated to the scrotum. Still, the majority of men who develop testicular cancer don't have a history of undes cended testicles. ?Abnormal testicle development.Conditions that cause testicles to develop abnormally, such as Klinefelter's syndrome, may increase your risk of testicular cancer. ?Family history. If family members have had testicular cancer, you may have an increased risk. ?Age. Testicular cancer affects teens and younger men, particularly those between ages 15 and 34. However, it can occur at any age. ?Race. Testicular cancer is more common in white men than in black men. Preparing for your appointment By Mayo Clinic staff Living with cancer newsletter Subscribe to our Living with cancer newsletter to stay up to date on cancer topics.Who to see Make an appointment with your family doctor or a general practitioner if you find a mass on a testicle. If your doctor suspects you could have testicular cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist). How to prepare Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cov er, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Try to: ? Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as restrict your diet. Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment. ?Write down key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes. ?Make a list of all medications, as well as any vitamins or supplements that you're taking. ?Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Sometimes it can be difficult to absorb all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot. Questions to askYour time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case t ime runs out. For testicular cancer, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: ? Do I have testicular cancer? ?What type of testicular cancer do I have? ?Can you explain my pathology report to me? Can I have a copy of my pathology report? ?What is the stage of my testicular cancer? ?What is the grade of my testicular cancer? ?Will I need any additional tests? ?What are my treatment options? What are the chances that treatment will cure my testicular cancer? ?What are the side effects and risks of each treatment option? ?Is there one treatment that you think is best for me? ?What would you recommend to a friend or family member in my situation? ?Should I see a specialist? What will that cost, and will my insurance cover it? ?If I would like a second opinion, can you recommend a specialist I should see? ?I'm concerned about my ability to have children in the future. What can I do before treatment to plan for the possibility of infertility? ?Are there any brochures or other prin ted material that I can take with me?What Web sites do you recommend? In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment at any time that you don't understand Most men discover testicular cancer themselves, either unintentionally or while doing a testicular self-examination to check for lumps. In other cases, your doctor may detect a lump during a routine physical exam. To determine whether a lump is testicular cancer, your doctor may recommend: ? Ultrasound. A testicular ultrasound test uses sound waves to create a picture of the scrotum and testicles.During an ultrasound you lie on your back with your legs spread. Your doctor then applies a clear gel to your scrotum. A hand-held probe is moved over your scrotum to make the ultrasound image. An ultrasound test can help your doctor determine the nature of any testicular lumps, such as if the lumps are solid or fluid filled. Ultrasound also tells your doctor w hether lumps are inside or outside of the testicle. Your doctor uses this information to determine whether a lump is likely to be testicular cancer. ?Blood tests. Your doctor may order tests to determine the levels of tumor markers in your blood.Tumor markers are substances that occur normally in your blood, but the levels of these substances may be elevated in certain situations, including testicular cancer. A high level of a tumor marker in your blood doesn't mean you have cancer, but it may help your doctor in determining your diagnosis. ?Surgery to remove a testicle (radical inguinal orchiectomy). If your doctor determines the lump on your testicle may be cancerous, he or she may recommend surgery to remove the testicle. Your testicle will be analyzed in a laboratory to determine if the lump is cancerous and, if so, what type of cancer.Determining the type of cancer Your doctor will have your extracted testicle analyzed to determine the type of testicular cancer. The type of tes ticular cancer you have determines your treatment and your prognosis. In general, there are two types of testicular cancer: ? Seminoma. Seminoma tumors occur in all age groups, but if an older man develops testicular cancer, it is more likely to be seminoma. Seminomas, in general, aren't as aggressive as nonseminomas and are particularly sensitive to radiation therapy. ?Nonseminoma. Nonseminoma tumors tend to develop earlier in life and grow and spread rapidly.Several different types of nonseminoma tumors exist, including choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma and yolk sac tumor. Nonseminomas are sensitive to radiation therapy, but not as sensitive as seminomas are. Chemotherapy is often very effective for nonseminomas, even if the cancer has spread. Sometimes both types of cancer are present in a tumor. In that case, the cancer is treated as though it is nonseminoma. Staging the cancer Once your doctor confirms your diagnosis, the next step is to determine the extent (stage ) of the cancer. To determine whether cancer has spread outside of your testicle, you may undergo: ?Computerized tomography (CT). CT scans take a series of X-ray images of your abdomen. Your doctor uses CT scans to look for signs of cancer in your abdominal lymph nodes. ?Blood tests. Blood tests to look for elevated tumor markers can help your doctor understand whether cancer likely remains in your body after your testicle is removed. After these tests, your testicular cancer is assigned a stage. The stage helps determine what treatments are best for you. The stages of testicular cancer are: ? Stage I. Cancer is limited to the testis. ?Stage II. Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the abdomen. ?Stage III.Cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Testicular cancer most commonly spreads to the lungs, liver, bones and brain. ?Treatments and drugs ?By Mayo Clinic staff ?Living with cancer newsletter ?Subscribe to our Living with cancer newsletter to stay up to date on cancer top ics. ? ?The options for treating your testicular cancer depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, your overall health and your own preferences. Treatment options may include: ? Surgery Surgery to remove your testicle (radical inguinal orchiectomy) is the primary treatment for nearly all stages and types of testicular cancer.To remove your testicle, your surgeon makes an incision in your groin and extracts the entire testicle through the opening. A prosthetic, saline-filled testicle can be inserted if you choose. You'll receive anesthetics during surgery. All surgical procedures carry a risk of pain, bleeding and infection. ?You may also have surgery to remove the lymph nodes in your groin (retroperitoneal lymph node dissection). Sometimes this is done at the same time as surgery to remove your testicle. In other cases it can be done later. The lymph nodes are removed through a large incision in your abdomen.Your surgeon takes care to avoid severing nerves su rrounding the lymph nodes, but in some cases severing the nerves may be unavoidable. Severed nerves can cause difficulty with ejaculation, but won't prevent you from having an erection. ?In cases of early-stage testicular cancer, surgery may be the only treatment needed. Your doctor will give you a recommended schedule for follow-up appointments. At these appointments — typically every few months for the first few years and then less frequently after that — you'll undergo blood tests, CT scans and other procedures to check for signs that your cancer has returned.If you have a more advanced testicular cancer or if you're unable to adhere closely to the recommended follow-up schedule, your doctor may recommend other treatments after surgery. ?Radiation therapy Radiation therapy is a treatment option that's frequently used in people who have the seminoma type of testicular cancer. Radiation therapy is also used in certain situations in people who have the nonseminoma type of testicular cancer. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays, to kill cancer cells.During radiation therapy, you're positioned on a table and a large machine moves around you, aiming the energy beams at precise points on your body. Side effects may include fatigue, as well as skin redness and irritation in your abdominal and groin areas. You may experience infertility as a result of radiation therapy. However, as the treated area heals, you may regain your fertility. ?Chemotherapy Chemotherapy treatment uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs travel throughout your body to kill cancer cells that may have migrated from the original tumor. Your doctor might recommend chemotherapy after surgery.Chemotherapy may be used before or after lymph node removal. Side effects of chemotherapy depend on the drugs being used. Ask your doctor what to expect. Common side effects include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, infertility and an increased risk of infection. There are medications and treatments available that reduce some of the side effects of chemotherapy. Prevention Living with cancer newsletter Subscribe to our Living with cancer newsletter to stay up to date on cancer topics. There's no sure way to prevent testicular cancer. Some doctors recommend regular testicle self-examinations to identify testicular cancer at its earliest stage.Not all doctors agree, though, so discuss testicular self-examination with your doctor if you're unsure about whether it's right for you. If you choose to do a testicular self-examination, a good time to examine your testicles is after a warm bath or shower. The heat from the water relaxes your scrotum, making it easier for you to find anything unusual. To do this examination, follow these steps: ?Stand in front of a mirror. Look for any swelling on the skin of the scrotum. ?Examine each testicle with both hands. Place the index and middle fingers under the testicle while placing your thumbs on the top. Gently roll the testicle between the thumbs and the fingers. Remember that the testicles are usually smooth, oval shaped and somewhat firm. It's normal for one testicle to be slightly larger than the other. Also, the cord leading upward from the top of the testicle (epididymis) is a normal part of the scrotum. By regularly performing this exam, you will become more familiar with your testicles and aware of any changes that might be of concern. ?If you find a lump, call your doctor as soon as possible. Testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially when identified early